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1 concrete repair materials
- concrete repair materials
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Англо-русский строительный словарь. — М.: Русский Язык. С.Н.Корчемкина, С.К.Кашкина, С.В.Курбатова. 1995.
Англо-русский словарь строительных терминов > concrete repair materials
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2 concrete repair materials
Строительство: материалы для ремонта бетонных и железобетонных конструкцийУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > concrete repair materials
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3 concrete repair materials
Англо-русский строительный словарь > concrete repair materials
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4 material
1) материал; мн. ч. грунты; материалы2) материальный, вещественный•material retained on sieve — остаток на сите, надрешётный продукт
- abrasive material - active material - additional materials - adsorbing material - alternate material - antirot material - asbestos-containing construction materials - auxiliary materials - backfilling material - binding material - biostatic material - bituminous road materials - blasting material - brittle material - building materials - bulk material - cartographic materials - cartographical materials - cementing material - check of design material - coating material - constructional materials - consumption of materials - contractor's materials - corroding material - customer's materials - defective materials - delivery of materials - description of materials by weight - direct materials - durable material - emulsified bituminous materials - everyday need for materials - excavated material - expendable materials - experimental constructional material - explosive material - filter material - fireproof material - fire-resistant material - flux material - foam material - frostproof material - geologic materials - geological materials - geophysic materials - geophysical materials - granular materials - graphic material - graphical material - hazardous material - heat-insulating material - high grade material - hydro-geologic materials - hydro-geological materials - import materials - improper materials - indirect material - inflammable material - insulating materials - intrusion material - ion-exchange material - jointing material - lack of materials - lining material - list of materials - load transfer material - local building materials - locally manufactured materials - loose material - low-grade material - manufactured constructional materials - mismatched material - need for materials - nonused material - operational materials - parent material - patching material - paving material - procurement of materials - qualitative roofing material - quality of materials - radioactive material - raw material - refractory material - replacement of imported construction materials - required materials - roofing materials - rough material - sandwich material - sealing material - separation material - sound-damping material - source material - spongy material - standard material - substandard material - topographic material - topographical material - transportation of materials - utilization of materials - waterproofing material - written materialto damage construction materials during transportation — повредить строительные материалы во время транспортировки
* * *1. материал, вещество2. грунт3. материальный, вещественный- abrasion-resisting materialmaterials by structural properties — материалы, классифицируемые по структурным свойствам
- abrasive material
- absorbent material
- acoustic material
- anisotropic material
- architectural constructional materials
- architectural construction materials
- argillaceous material
- artificial pozzolanic material
- backfilling material
- backing material
- bagged material
- ballast material
- binding material
- bituminous materials
- bonding material
- boxing material
- brittle material
- building materials
- calcareous material
- cellular material
- cement-bound granular material
- cementing material
- ceramic materials
- clayey materials
- coated material
- coating material
- combustible material
- combustible building materials
- composite material
- concrete materials
- concrete-making materials
- concrete repair materials
- constituent materials of concrete
- construction materials
- corrugated sheet material
- damping material
- dampproofing material
- defective material
- ductile material
- durable material
- engineering materials
- excavated material
- fast-setting repair material
- faulty material
- fiber reinforced material
- fill material
- filter material
- finishing material
- fire retarding material
- flexible sheet material
- fluid material
- foamed-in-place acoustical materials
- form material
- frost-free material
- graded material
- granular material
- granular subbase material
- gritting materials
- hazardous material
- heat insulating material
- high-grade materials
- highly insulative material
- high insulative material
- incombustible material
- industrial materials
- inorganic material
- insulating materials
- isotropic material
- jointing material
- joint-sealing material
- lagging materials
- laminated material
- lime-containing material
- linear-elastic material
- lining material
- load-bearing structural insulating material
- loose fill acoustical material
- loosely packed material
- low-tensile strength material
- maintenance patching material
- manufactured construction materials
- matrix material
- mineral fill material
- moisture-resistant insulating material
- natural mineral material
- near-by material
- noncombustible material
- nonconductive material
- noncreeping material
- nonhazardous material
- one-component material
- organic material
- original raw materials
- orthotropic material
- packaged material
- packaged dry concrete materials
- parent material
- phase change materials
- plastic material
- poultice material
- pozzolanic material
- prebagged material
- prebatched material
- radioactive material
- raw materials
- reactive silica material
- recycled material
- release material
- repair materials
- resilient materials
- restoration materials
- road materials
- rock material
- roofing material
- sealing material
- sheet acoustical material
- solar cell roofing material
- solid material
- sound material
- sound absorbent material
- sound-deadening material
- sound insulation material
- sparkle material
- sprayed-on material
- sticky material
- strain-hardening material
- structural materials
- synthetic material
- synthetic resinous material
- thermal insulating material
- toxic material
- trim materials
- unrefined raw materials
- vibration-damping material
- walling material
- waterproofing material
- waterproof material
- water-repellent material -
5 material
- material
- n1. материал, вещество
2. грунт
3. материальный, вещественный
materials by structural properties — материалы, классифицируемые по структурным свойствам
- abrasion-resisting material
- abrasive material
- absorbent material
- acoustic material
- anisotropic material
- architectural constructional materials
- architectural construction materials
- argillaceous material
- artificial pozzolanic material
- backfilling material
- backing material
- bagged material
- ballast material
- binding material
- bituminous materials
- bonding material
- boxing material
- brittle material
- building materials
- calcareous material
- cellular material
- cement-bound granular material
- cementing material
- ceramic materials
- clayey materials
- coated material
- coating material
- combustible material
- combustible building materials
- composite material
- concrete materials
- concrete-making materials
- concrete repair materials
- constituent materials of concrete
- construction materials
- corrugated sheet material
- damping material
- dampproofing material
- defective material
- ductile material
- durable material
- engineering materials
- excavated material
- fast-setting repair material
- faulty material
- fiber reinforced material
- fill material
- filter material
- finishing material
- fire retarding material
- flexible sheet material
- fluid material
- foamed-in-place acoustical materials
- form material
- frost-free material
- graded material
- granular material
- granular subbase material
- gritting materials
- hazardous material
- heat insulating material
- high-grade materials
- highly insulative material
- high insulative material
- incombustible material
- industrial materials
- inorganic material
- insulating materials
- isotropic material
- jointing material
- joint-sealing material
- lagging materials
- laminated material
- lime-containing material
- linear-elastic material
- lining material
- load-bearing structural insulating material
- loose fill acoustical material
- loosely packed material
- low-tensile strength material
- maintenance patching material
- manufactured construction materials
- matrix material
- mineral fill material
- moisture-resistant insulating material
- natural mineral material
- near-by material
- noncombustible material
- nonconductive material
- noncreeping material
- nonhazardous material
- one-component material
- organic material
- original raw materials
- orthotropic material
- packaged material
- packaged dry concrete materials
- parent material
- phase change materials
- plastic material
- poultice material
- pozzolanic material
- prebagged material
- prebatched material
- radioactive material
- raw materials
- reactive silica material
- recycled material
- release material
- repair materials
- resilient materials
- restoration materials
- road materials
- rock material
- roofing material
- sealing material
- sheet acoustical material
- solar cell roofing material
- solid material
- sound material
- sound absorbent material
- sound-deadening material
- sound insulation material
- sparkle material
- sprayed-on material
- sticky material
- strain-hardening material
- structural materials
- synthetic material
- synthetic resinous material
- thermal insulating material
- toxic material
- trim materials
- unrefined raw materials
- vibration-damping material
- walling material
- waterproofing material
- waterproof material
- water-repellent material
Англо-русский строительный словарь. — М.: Русский Язык. С.Н.Корчемкина, С.К.Кашкина, С.В.Курбатова. 1995.
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6 material
1. материал, вещество2. грунт3. материальный, вещественныйmaterials by structural properties — материалы, классифицируемые по структурным свойствам
abrasive material — абразивный материал, абразив
4. глинистый материалbase material — основное вещество; основа; материал подложки
area material — печатный материал, подсчитываемый по площади
5. глинистая порода; глинистый грунтartificial pozzolanic material — искусственный пуццолановый материал, искусственный пуццолан
backing material — подкладочный материал, подкладка
bagged material — материал, поставляемый в мешках; материал, затариваемый в мешки
binding material — связующий материал, вяжущее
bonding material — вяжущий материал, вяжущее
cement-bound granular material — сцементировавшийся зернистый грунт; зернистый грунт, подвергнутый цементации
cementing material — минеральный вяжущий материал, минеральное вяжущее
coated material — чёрный щебень; щебень, обработанный чёрными вяжущими
coating material — обмазочный материал; обмазочная смесь, обмазка; штукатурка
composite material — композиционный материал, композит
fiber reinforced material — материал, армированный волокном
fill material — сыпучий материал, материал для засыпки
foamed-in-place acoustical materials — звукоизоляционные пенопласты, приготовляемые на месте укладки
6. зернистый материал7. зернистый грунтgritting materials — каменная мелочь, высевки, мелкий гравий
jointing material — материал для устройства швов; материал для герметизации стыков
laminated material — слоистый материал; слоистый пластик
lining material — облицовочный материал; футеровочный материал
8. рыхлый материал9. рыхлый грунтlow-tensile strength material — материал, обладающий малой прочностью при растяжении
maintenance patching material — материал для ямочного ремонта ; материал для мелкого отделочного ремонта
matrix material — вяжущий материал, вяжущее
nonconductive material — материал, не проводящий электротока, токоизолирующий материал
noncreeping material — материал с малой ползучестью, материал, практически не подверженный ползучести
parent material — минеральное или органическое вещество из материнской породы, которое образует грунт
10. пластичный материал11. пластическая масса, пластмассаpozzolanic material — пуццолан; пуццолановый материал
prebagged material — материал, затаренный в мешки
raw materials — сырьевые материалы, сырьё
recycled material — восстановленный материал; повторно используемый материал
release material — антиадгезионный материал, антиадгезионная смазка
resilient materials — эластомеры, эластичные материалы
matrice material — основная масса; шаблон
12. скальная порода13. элемент скальной породыsealing material — герметизирующий материал, герметик
sound material — прочный материал, качественный материал
sparkle material — материал, создающий блёскость покровного отделочного слоя
sprayed-on material — материал, наносимый набрызгом
strain-hardening material — самоупрочивающийся материал; материал, обладающий способностью к самоупрочнению
toxic material — токсичный материал, токсичное вещество
trim materials — материалы для плакирования деталей; материалы износостойких покрытий
walling material — стеновой материал, материал стен
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7 материалы для ремонта бетонных и железобетонных конструкций
Construction: concrete repair materialsУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > материалы для ремонта бетонных и железобетонных конструкций
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8 equipment
оборудование; снаряжение; оснащениеequipment for the manufacture of asbestos cement — оборудование для производства асбестоцементных изделий
equipment for the manufacture of ceramic products — оборудование для производства керамических материалов
- air equipment - air-conditioning equipment - air-humidifying equipment - air-painting equipment - automatic sampling equipment - cargo handling equipment - carrying and lifting equipment - construction equipment - crane equipment - crushing equipment - crushing and concentration equipment - crushing and screening equipment - decontaminating equipment - defective equipment - detritus equipment - direct-chlorine-feed equipment - durable equipment - earthmoving equipment - efficient earthmoving equipment - emergency equipment - erection equipment - exhibition equipment - fire-fighting equipment - fixed equipment - garage-repair equipment - gathering frames equipment - grit-dredging equipment - groundwater level-lowering equipment - handling equipment - hauling equipment - high-fi equipment - hi-fi equipment - homemade fire-fighting equipment - idle equipment - industrial cleaning equipment - installed equipment - kiln car conveying equipment - laboratory equipment - lime-handling equipment - loading and unloading equipment for dryer cars - manufacturing equipment - material mining equipment - measuring and control equipment - mountable pile-driving equipment - non-assembled equipment - nonstandard equipment - operational equipment - outdated equipment - pile-driving equipment - piling equipment - professional drilling equipment - quarry equipment - repair equipment - residential equipment - ripper's equipment - road-building equipment - rope-suspended boom equipment - safety equipment - sampling equipment - snow-cleaning equipment - standby equipment - stressing equipment - supplementary equipment - telescopic equipment - testing equipment - underwater construction equipment - universal equipment - up-to-date construction equipment - used equipment - vandalproof equipment - vehicle greasing equipment - water-purification equipment - water quality monitoring equipment - water-treatment equipment - weighing equipment - weld deposition equipment - welding deposition equipment - welding equipmentequipment for the manufacture of prefabricated reinforced concrete — оборудование для производства сборного железобетона
* * *оборудование- air equipmentequipment found to be damaged — оборудование с обнаруженными неисправностями ( после контрольного осмотра)
- air handling equipment
- application equipment
- automatic points equipment
- automatic spray equipment
- auxiliary building equipment
- carrying and lifting equipment
- compaction equipment
- compressed-air equipment
- concrete equipment
- concrete placing equipment
- construction equipment
- dust separation equipment
- earthmoving equipment
- EDM equipment
- electrical equipment of buildings
- electronic distance measuring equipment
- erecting equipment
- excavating equipment
- factory equipment
- fire control portable equipment
- fire-extinguishing equipment
- fire-protection equipment
- flame-cleaning equipment
- front-end equipment
- grouting equipment
- high-performance equipment
- high-pressure equipment
- hoisting equipment
- hydraulic equipment
- jacking equipment
- jacking equipment for lift slab
- joint sealing equipment
- laboratory equipment
- lifting equipment
- load-and-carry equipment
- load cell weighing equipment
- loading equipment
- materials-handling equipment
- measuring equipment
- mechanical handling equipment
- mobile equipment
- monitoring equipment
- motor-driven equipment
- office equipment
- own equipment
- oxygen flame-grooving equipment
- personal protective equipment
- pile driving equipment
- piling equipment
- play equipment
- pneumatic equipment
- portable equipment
- protective face equipment
- protective head equipment
- refrigeration equipment
- reverse circulating drilling equipment
- road repair equipment
- safety equipment
- scarifying equipment
- self-contained equipment
- service equipment
- shotcrete equipment
- signaling equipment
- site equipment
- snow clearing equipment
- specialized equipment
- spray equipment
- stationary equipment
- stressing equipment
- technical equipment
- tensioning equipment
- testing equipment
- track equipment
- vacuum lifting equipment
- vandal-proof equipment
- vehicle-mounted equipment
- water-borne equipment
- weight-moving equipment
- welding equipment -
9 work
1) работа; труд; действие; функционирование2) обработка3) обрабатываемая заготовка; обрабатываемая деталь; обрабатываемое изделие4) механизм5) конструкция6) мн. ч. завод; фабрика; мастерские; технические сооружения; строительные работы7) мн. ч. работающие части механизма, подвижные органы механизма8) работать; обрабатывать9) действовать, двигаться, поворачиваться ( о подвижных частях механизмов)10) коробиться•work performed with materials in a smaller quantity — работа, выполненная с недостаточным использованием материалов
work performed without the necessary diligence — работа, выполненная небрежно
work which is not in accordance with specifications — работа, не соответствующая техническим требованиям
work which is not in accordance with the requirements of the engineer — работа, не отвечающая требованиям инженера
to work down — 1) осаживать ( вниз); оседать 2) обрабатывать на меньший размер
to work in — вделывать, вмонтировать
to work into — углубляться во что-либо, уходить внутрь
to work off — 1) соскакивать, соскальзывать ( во время работы) 2) снимать (напр. стружку)
to work on — действовать на что-либо, оказывать влияние на что-либо
to work out — 1) разрабатывать (план, проект) 2) вырабатывать (что-либо) из чего-либо (напр. вытачивать, выстрагивать, выфрезеровывать) 3) выскакивать, выпадать во время работы
to work over — обрабатывать вторично, перерабатывать, подвергать переработке
to work upon — действовать на что-либо, оказывать влияние на что-либо
- work executed - work in process - work of acceleration - work of deformation - work of ideal cycle - work of resistance - work on arbour - works under way - access to works - actual progress of works - amendment of the date of completion of works - amount of the executed works - applied work - asphalt work - assessment of works - auxiliary work - bank work - bargain work - beat-cob work - betterment work - black and white work - bluff work - bonus work - bosh brick work - branch work - branched work - bright work - carpenter's work - cast steel work - cessation of works - chased work - check of works - checking of works - chequer work - chequered work - cindering work - civil works - civil and erection works - clay work - clearing work - commencement of works - completed works - completion of works - concrete work - diversion work - condensing works - construction works - consumed work - continuous execution of works - contract works - cost of works - cost of uncovering works - covered-up works - date of commencement of works - date of completion of works - day-to-day work - day wage work - dead work - defective works - delay in completion of works - delayed completion of works - demolition works - description of works - design and survey works - desilting works - diaper work of bricklaying - drainage work - dredge work - dressing works - drove work - earth works - effective work - embossed work - emergency works - engineering works - erecting works - erection works - examination of works - excavation works - execution of works - expected period of works - extension of the time for completion of works - external work - face work - fascine work - field works - finely finished work - finishing work - fitter's works - flat trellis work - float work - forming work - forthcoming works - frosted rustic work - gauge work - gauged work - geologic works - geological works - grading works - gunite work - heading work - health work - hot work - hydro-meteorologic works - hydro-meteorological works - inadequate progress of works - incomplete lattice work - indicated work - inlaid work - inspection of works - installation work - intake works - irrigation works - jack works - jobbing work - joggle work - ladder work - line work - link work - locksmith's work - machine work - main works - maintenance work - management of works - maritime works - metal work - milling work - motion work - multiple lattice work - nature of works - neat work - negative work - night work - no-load work - odd works - on the site works - order of execution of works - outlet work - outstanding works - overhead works - panel work - partially completed works - part of works - paternoster work - period of works - period of execution of works - permanent works - pilot-scale work - plane frame work - planer work - pneumatic work - port work - portion of works - pottery work - precision work - preliminary works - preparatory works - pressure cementing work - programme of works - progress of works - proper execution of works - prospecting works - public works - pump works - quantity of works - rag work - R and D work - random work - range work - reclamation work - recoverable-strain work - recuperated work - reflected work - reliability of works - relief work - remedial works - repair work - repairing work - required work - research work - resumption of works - retaining works - reticulated work - right of access to works - river training works - rustic work - safety of works - schedule of works - scope of work - shaper work - sheet metal work - shift work - smith and founder work - spillway works - starting work - step-by-step check of works - step-by-step checking of works - stick and rag work - stoppage of works - subcontract works - submarine work - substituted works - sufficiency of works - supervision for works - supervision for of works - survey work - survey and research works - suspension of works - taking over of works - task work - temporary work - test work - test-hole work - three-coat work - through-carved work - time for completion of works - timely completion of works - tool work - topiary work - topographic works - topographical works - track work - treatment works - trellis work - trench work - trestle work - turning work - uncompleted works - uncovering of works - upon completion of works - variations in works - variations of works - volume of works - wiring work - X-ray workto complete works (in the time stipulated in the contract) — завершать работы (в срок, оговорённый в контракте)
* * *1. работа2. изделие3. обработка4. возводимый объект (строительства) ( по подрядному договору); конструкция, сооружение5. работа, мощность6. pl сооружение, сооружения7. pl завод, фабрика, мастерскиеwork above ground — наземные работы ( в отличие от подземных и подводных); работы, производимые на поверхности земли
work below ground ( level) — подземные работы
work carried out on site — работы, выполненные на стройплощадке
work done in sections — работа, выполненная отдельными секциями [частями]
work in open excavations — работы в открытых выемках [горных выработках]
work in progress — (строительные) работы в стадии выполнения, выполняемые [производимые] (строительные) работы; объект в стадии строительства
work in water — работы, производимые в воде [под водой]
work near water — работы, производимые близ водоёмов или рек
- work of deformationwork on schedule — работы в процессе выполнения ( по графику); работы, предусмотренные планом [графиком]
- work of external forces
- work of internal forces
- above-ground works
- additional work
- agricultural works
- alteration work
- ashlar work
- auxiliary work
- avalanche baffle works
- axed work
- backfill work
- backing masonry work
- bag work
- bench work
- block work
- brewery works
- brick work
- broken-color work
- brush work
- building work
- building site works
- carcass work
- carpenter's work
- cement works
- chemical production works
- civil engineering work
- coast protection works
- cob work
- completed work
- complicated building work
- concrete work
- concrete block masonry work
- concrete masonry work
- constructional work
- construction work
- continuous shift work
- contract work
- coursed work
- crib work
- day work
- dead work
- defective work
- defence works
- deformation work
- demolition work
- development work
- diver's works
- diversion works
- donkey work
- drainage works
- earth work
- earth-moving work
- elastic work of a material
- electric work
- electricity production works
- emergency work
- enclosed construction works
- engineering works
- erection work
- erosion protection works
- excavation works
- experimental work
- external work
- extra work
- facing work
- factory work
- fascine work
- finishing work
- finish work
- floating construction works
- flood-control works
- flood-protection works
- floor work
- floor-and-wall tiling work
- floor covering work
- food industry production work
- foundation work
- funerary works
- further day's work
- gas works
- gauged work
- glazed work
- glazier's work
- half-plain work
- hammered work
- hand work
- handy work
- heat insulation work
- heavy work
- highly mechanized work
- hot work
- in-fill masonry work
- innovative construction work
- insulating work
- intake works
- internal work in the system
- ironmongery work
- joinery work
- land retention works
- landslide protection works
- loading works
- manual work
- marine works
- metallurgical processing works
- night work
- nonconforming work
- office work
- off-the-site work
- one-coat work
- open-air intake works
- open construction works
- ornamental works
- ornate work
- outlet works
- overhang work
- overhead work
- permanent works up to ground level
- petroleum extraction works
- piece work
- pitched work
- plaster work
- plumbing work
- power production works
- precast works
- production works
- promotion work
- protection works
- protective works
- public works
- random ashlar work
- refurbishment work
- refuse disposal works
- refuse incineration works
- regulation works
- reinforced concrete work
- research work
- reticulated work
- road transport works
- roof tiling work
- rubble ashlar masonry work
- sanitary works
- sea defence works
- sediment exclusion works
- sewage disposal works
- single construction works
- smillage-axed work
- solid plaster work
- steel construction works
- steel works
- steel plate work
- structural restoration work
- surface transport works
- temporary works
- textile work
- three-coat work
- tiling work
- training works
- transport works
- treatment works
- two-coat work
- underground work
- underwater work
- unloading works
- vermiculated work
- virtual work
- waste disposal works
- water works
- water treatment works -
10 equipment
оборудование; снаряжение; оснащение; оснастка (напр. станка); приспособления; приборы; аппаратура; арматура; принадлежности; подвижной состав; воен. материальная часть; боевая техника- equipment arrangement - equipment availability - equipment building - equipment capital costs - equipment casualty - equipment certificate - equipment certification - equipment certification requirement - equipment check - equipment checkout - equipment clock - equipment compatibility - equipment condition data - equipment damage - equipment dependability - equipment depot - equipment design failure - equipment error - equipment facilities - equipment failure - equipment failure information - equipment failure log - equipment for road construction - equipment for the manufacture of asbestos cement - equipment identification register - equipment identity register - equipment in place - equipment inspection - equipment-intermodulation noise - equipment investments - equipment lay-out - equipment layout - equipment lease - equipment leasing - equipment level controller - equipment location - equipment longevity - equipment maintenance facility - equipment maintenance management program - equipment maintenance officer - equipment maintenance ratio - equipment maintenance report - equipment maintenance team - equipment manufacturer code - equipment manufacturing failure - equipment-modification list - equipment monitoring - equipment nomenclature - equipment operating procedure - equipment operation test - equipment package - equipment performance log - equipment performance report - equipment placement - equipment programming - equipment protection device - equipment qualification - equipment rack - equipment ready date - equipment rebuilding - equipment reference book - equipment regulation - equipment reliability - equipment reliability status report - equipment repair time - equipment replacement - equipment replacement network - equipment reservation - equipment revamping - equipment review board - equipment room - equipment safety - equipment salvage - equipment schedule - equipment serviceability criterion - equipment side - equipment specifications - equipment spendings - equipment status board - equipment status chart - equipment status indication - equipment status log - equipment supervision - equipment terminal - equipment unavailability - equipment upgrading - equipment wire - accessory equipment - acoustic emission equipment - acoustical equipment - actuated equipment - add-on equipment - air equipment - air-chucking equipment - air-conditioning equipment - air-humidifying equipment - air-painting equipment - ancillary equipment - answering equipment - assembly equipment - balancing equipment - blasting equipment - board equipment - bolt-on equipment - brake equipment - built-in test equipment - calibration equipment - CAM equipment - capital equipment - cargo handling equipment - carrying and lifting equipment - centrifugal pumping equipment - checking equipment - collective protective equipment - compressor equipment - computer-aided test equipment - computer-automated equipment - concrete-handling equipment - consumption equipment - controllable balancing equipment - conveying equipment - coolant clarification equipment - cost-effective equipment - crane equipment - crane electrical equipment - crushing and screening equipment - data-processing equipment - dedicated equipment - defective equipment - de-icer equipment - demonstration equipment - detection equipment - detritus equipment - diagnosis equipment - diagnostic equipment - digital readout equipment - dimensional-inspection equipment - direction-finding equipment - driven equipment - durable equipment - electrical equipment - electrical discharge equipment - electroheat equipment - electrothermal equipment - emergency equipment - energy equipment - energy-intensive equipment - erection equipment - exhibition equipment - experimental equipment - external test equipment - FA-related equipment - fabricating equipment - fabrication equipment - factory-installed equipment - failed equipment - farming equipment - faulty equipment - feeding equipment - field-balancing equipment - filling equipment - finishing equipment - fire-fighting equipment - fire safety equipment - fixed equipment - fixed path equipment - flatness testing equipment - fuel handling equipment - gaging equipment - garage equipment - garage-repair equipment - gas equipment - gas-welding equipment - gear testing equipment - general-purpose equipment - general test equipment - grading equipment - greasing equipment - grit-dredging equipment - handling equipment - hard automation equipment - haulage equipment - hauling equipment - heat-treating equipment - hi-fi equipment - high-fi equipment - high-technology equipment - higher-horsepower equipment - homemade fire-fighting equipment - hydraulic equipment - hydraulic tracing equipment - idle equipment - ignition equipment - independent equipment - industrial equipment - industrial cleaning equipment - input equipment - inspection equipment - installation equipment - installed equipment - instrumental equipment - instrumented equipment - interconnecting equipment - jaw-type work-holding equipment - joining equipment - laboratory equipment - lifting equipment - lighting equipment - loading equipment - loading and unloading equipment for dryer cars - machine-tool equipment - machining equipment - maintenance equipment - maintenance-and-support equipment - manipulating equipment - manually controlled equipment - manufacturing equipment - material-handling equipment - materials-handling equipment - material mining equipment - MDI equipment - measurement-processing equipment - measuring and control equipment - measuring equipment - mechanical handling equipment - metal-cutting equipment - metering equipment - microprocessing equipment - microwave heating equipment - military equipment - mill-turn equipment - mobile equipment - monitoring equipment - mountable pile-driving equipment - multidimension gaging equipment - multisensor equipment - noise abatement equipment - non-assembled equipment - nonrepairable equipment - nonstandard equipment - off-road equipment - operational equipment - optional equipment - outdated equipment - outmoded equipment - out-of-repair equipment - paint equipment - parts-handling equipment - parts-washing equipment - pattern equipment - peripheral equipment - personal protection equipment - personal protective equipment - pipeline equipment - pipeline-laying equipment - pipeline-scraping equipment - pneumatic equipment - pile-driving equipment - piling equipment - portable jacking equipment - postprocess gaging equipment - preparatory machining equipment - presetting equipment - primary equipment - primary machining equipment - process control monitoring equipment - process equipment - process monitoring equipment - processing equipment - production equipment - production test equipment - professional drilling equipment - protective equipment - proving-and-indicating equipment - pulling-and-running equipment - pump-and-compressor equipment - pumping equipment - quarry equipment - reconditioning equipment - redundant equipment - refrigeration equipment - rejected equipment - reliable equipment - remote control equipment - remove an equipment - repair equipment - repairable equipment - reserve equipment - residential equipment - retrofit equipment - rippers equipment - road-building equipment - rope-suspended boom equipment - rotating equipment - round trip equipment - safeguarding equipment - safety equipment - safety-survival equipment - secondary equipment - self-balancing equipment - sensing equipment - service checkout equipment - service equipment - snow-cleaning equipment - snow-handling equipment - spare equipment - spark erosion equipment - special support equipment - special test equipment - standalone equipment - standard equipment - standby equipment - supervisory equipment - supplementary equipment - support equipment - supporting equipment - surface-measuring equipment - swarf-handling equipment - tank cleaning equipment - telescopic equipment - test equipment - test-and-maintenance equipment - testing equipment - tool equipment - tool-holding equipment - tooling equipment - tool-setting equipment - touch-probe inspection equipment - towing equipment - tracer equipment - traction-type equipment - training equipment - transferring equipment - transport equipment - transportation equipment - turning gaging equipment - unattended equipment - underground equipment - universal equipment - unrepairable equipment - up-to-date construction equipment - used equipment - utility equipment - value-added equipment - vandalproof equipment - vehicle greasing equipment - warehousing equipment - waste-minimization equipment - water-fed equipment - water-purification equipment - water quality monitoring equipment - water-treatment equipment - weed-control equipment - weighing equipment - weld deposition equipment - welding equipment - welding deposition equipment - wheel alignment equipment - work-holding equipment - workover equipment -
11 керамический материал
1. ceramic materialпечатный материал, подсчитываемый по площади — area material
2. стр. clay productлистовой материал — sheet material; plate material
облицовочный материал — facing material; lining material
Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > керамический материал
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12 equipment
- equipment
- nоборудование
equipment found to be damaged — оборудование с обнаруженными неисправностями ( после контрольного осмотра)
- air equipment
- air handling equipment
- application equipment
- automatic points equipment
- automatic spray equipment
- auxiliary building equipment
- carrying and lifting equipment
- compaction equipment
- compressed-air equipment
- concrete equipment
- concrete placing equipment
- construction equipment
- dust separation equipment
- earthmoving equipment
- EDM equipment
- electrical equipment of buildings
- electronic distance measuring equipment
- erecting equipment
- excavating equipment
- factory equipment
- fire control portable equipment
- fire-extinguishing equipment
- fire-protection equipment
- flame-cleaning equipment
- front-end equipment
- grouting equipment
- high-performance equipment
- high-pressure equipment
- hoisting equipment
- hydraulic equipment
- jacking equipment
- jacking equipment for lift slab
- joint sealing equipment
- laboratory equipment
- lifting equipment
- load-and-carry equipment
- load cell weighing equipment
- loading equipment
- materials-handling equipment
- measuring equipment
- mechanical handling equipment
- mobile equipment
- monitoring equipment
- motor-driven equipment
- office equipment
- own equipment
- oxygen flame-grooving equipment
- personal protective equipment
- pile driving equipment
- piling equipment
- play equipment
- pneumatic equipment
- portable equipment
- protective face equipment
- protective head equipment
- refrigeration equipment
- reverse circulating drilling equipment
- road repair equipment
- safety equipment
- scarifying equipment
- self-contained equipment
- service equipment
- shotcrete equipment
- signaling equipment
- site equipment
- snow clearing equipment
- specialized equipment
- spray equipment
- stationary equipment
- stressing equipment
- technical equipment
- tensioning equipment
- testing equipment
- track equipment
- vacuum lifting equipment
- vandal-proof equipment
- vehicle-mounted equipment
- water-borne equipment
- weight-moving equipment
- welding equipment
Англо-русский строительный словарь. — М.: Русский Язык. С.Н.Корчемкина, С.К.Кашкина, С.В.Курбатова. 1995.
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13 equipment
air equipment — оборудование с пневмодвигателем, пневматическое оборудование
air handling equipment — вентиляционное оборудование, оборудование для транспортирования и обработки воздуха
compaction equipment — уплотнительное оборудование, оборудование для уплотнения
compressed-air equipment — оборудование с пневмодвигателем, пневматическое оборудование
construction equipment — строительное оборудование, строительные машины
earthmoving equipment — землеройно-транспортные машины, машины для перевозки грунта
fire control portable equipment — портативное противопожарное оборудование, портативный противопожарный инвентарь
fire-protection equipment — противопожарное оборудование; оборудование пожаротушения
front-end equipment — передненавесное оборудование, передненавесные орудия
high-pressure equipment — оборудование, работающее под высоким давлением
hoisting equipment — подъёмное оборудование; подъёмно-транспортное оборудование
jacking equipment for lift slab — домкратные устройства для монтажа зданий методом подъёма перекрытий
measuring equipment — измерительное оборудование, измерительные приборы
monitoring equipment — контрольное оборудование; контрольная аппаратура
office equipment — конторское оборудование; оргтехника
pile driving equipment — оборудование для погружения свай; сваебойное оборудование
pneumatic equipment — оборудование с пневмоприводом, пневматическое оборудование
portable equipment — переносное оборудование; ручные машины
reverse circulating drilling equipment — буровое оборудование с обратной циркуляцией промывного раствора
safety equipment — средства защиты работающих; защитные средства; защитные приспособления
signaling equipment — сигнальное оборудование, сигнальные устройства
stressing equipment — оборудование для создания предварительного напряжения, оборудование для натяжения преднапрягаемой арматуры
vandal-proof equipment — оборудование, защищённое от повреждений при актах вандализма
vehicle-mounted equipment — оборудование, смонтированное на базовой машине
water-borne equipment — оборудование для работы на плаву; плавучее оборудование
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14 материал
fabric, absorbent material, material, matter, medium, stuff, substance* * *материа́л м.1. material2. ( сырьё) stockабрази́вный материа́л — abrasive (material)классифици́ровать абрази́вный материа́л (напр. методом ситового анализа) — grade an abrasive (material) (e. g., by the use of screens or sieves)автокла́вный материа́л — steam-cured [steam(-and-pressure) cured] materialагломери́рованный материа́л — sintered materialакти́вный материа́л — active material1. ( для лазеров) laser [lasing] material, laser [lasing] mediumвыра́щивать акти́вный материа́л (напр. из расплава) — grow a laser material (e. g., from melt)2. ( для мазеров) maser [masing] material, maser [masing] mediumакусти́ческий материа́л — acoustical materialамортизи́рующий материа́л — damping materialанизотро́пный материа́л — anisotropic materialантикоррозио́нный материа́л — anticorrosive materialасбе́стовый руло́нный материа́л — asbestos blanketасбестоцеме́нтный материа́л — cementitious [asbestos-cement] materialби́тумный материа́л — asphaltic material, asphaltic productбуто́вочный материа́л — fillerвиброизоляцио́нный материа́л — vibrated insulating materialвоздухововлека́ющий материа́л — air-entraining agentволокни́стый материа́л — fibrous materialволокно́вый материа́л ( в порошковой металлургии) — fibrous materialвоспламеня́ющийся материа́л — inflammable materialвоспроизводя́щий материа́л яд. физ. — breeder materialвсплыва́ющий материа́л — floatable materialвспомога́тельный материа́л1. физ. accessory material2. ( для уплотнения) auxiliary materialвспу́чивающий материа́л — bloating agent, bloaterматериа́л в технологи́ческом проце́ссе — in-process materialвысокоогнеупо́рный материа́л — high refractoryвысу́шиваемый материа́л — dryable materialвя́жущий материа́л — binding material, binderвя́жущий, возду́шный материа́л — airbinderвя́жущий, гидравли́ческий материа́л — hydraulic binding materialвя́жущий, ги́псовый материа́л — alabaster binding materialвя́жущий, магнезиа́льный материа́л — magnesia binding materialвя́жущий, минера́льный материа́л — mineral binding materialвя́жущий, органи́ческий материа́л — organic binding materialвязкоупру́гий материа́л — viscoelastic materialгерметизи́рующий материа́л — sealing material; ( обволакивающий) encapsulant; ( заливающий) potting compoundгидроизоляцио́нный материа́л — hydraulic insulating materialгорю́чий материа́л — combustible materialгу́бчатый материа́л — sponge materialдефици́тный материа́л — scarce materialдиспе́рсно-упрочнё́нный материа́л — dispersion-hardened materialдиэлектри́ческий материа́л — dielectricматериа́л для уплотне́ния швов — joint-sealing materialматериа́л для я́дерного реа́ктора — nuclear [pile] materialдо́норный материа́л — donor materialдоро́жно-строи́тельный материа́л — roadbuilding materialдуби́льный материа́л — tanning materialжаропро́чный материа́л — high-temperature [beat-proof] materialжаросто́йкий материа́л — beat-resisting materialжё́сткий материа́л — inflexible [rigid, stiff] materialжирова́льный материа́л — tanner grease, tanning oilзакла́дочный материа́л горн. — stowage materialзапра́вочный материа́л — fettling material; ( в производстве огнеупоров) make-up materialзащи́тный материа́л яд. физ. — shielding [protective] materialзвукозаглуша́ющий материа́л — sound-damping materialзвукоизоляцио́нный материа́л — sound insulator, sound-insulating materialзвукоизоляцио́нный, нама́зываемый материа́л — troweled-on acoustical materialзвукоизоляцио́нный, напыля́емый материа́л — sprayed-on acoustical materialзвукопоглоща́ющий материа́л — sound-absorbing material, acoustical absorbentзвукопоглоща́ющий, моноли́тный материа́л — monolithic sound-acoustical materialзерни́стый материа́л — granular materialизоляцио́нный материа́л — insulating material, insulator, insulatingизотро́пный материа́л — isotropic materialине́ртный материа́л — inert materialинструмента́льный материа́л — tool materialионообме́нный материа́л — ion-exchange materialисхо́дный материа́л — source materialкерами́ческий материа́л1. ceramic [sintered] material2. ( изделие) стр. (structural) clay productкислотосто́йкий материа́л — acid-proof materialкислотоупо́рный материа́л — acid-proof materialклассифици́рованный материа́л — classified [graded] materialкоксу́ющийся уноси́мый материа́л — charring ablative materialкомпозицио́нный материа́л — composite materialконструкцио́нный материа́л — structural material, material of constructionконструкцио́нный, неру́дный материа́л — nonmetallic construction of materialконта́ктный материа́л — contact materialкоррозионносто́йкий материа́л — corrosion-resistant [rust-resisting] materialкристалли́ческий материа́л — crystalline materialкро́вельный материа́л — roofing materialкро́вельный, руло́нный материа́л — roll (roofing) materialкро́ющий материа́л — covering material, coatingкусково́й материа́л — lump materialлакокра́сочный материа́л — paintwork materialлитьево́й материа́л — (injection-)moulding materialлюминесци́рующий материа́л — fluorescent materialмагни́тно-жё́сткий материа́л — hard magnetic materialмагни́тно-мя́гкий материа́л — soft magnetic materialмагни́тно-твё́рдый материа́л — hard magnetic materialмагни́тный материа́л — magnetic materialмагнитоопти́ческий материа́л — magneto-opticmaterialмагнитострикцио́нный материа́л — magnetostrictive materialмаслосто́йкий материа́л — oil-resistant materialма́тричный материа́л полигр. — flongмашинострои́тельный материа́л — engineering materialметаллокерами́ческий материа́л — cement, sintered powder metalметаллокерами́ческий, магни́тный материа́л — magnetic cermetметаллокерами́ческий, по́ристый материа́л — porous cermetметаллокерами́ческий, фрикцио́нный материа́л — friction cermetмногосло́йный материа́л — multilayer materialмо́лотый материа́л — comminuted [ground] materialморозосто́йкий материа́л — frost-proof materialнаби́вочный материа́л — ( уплотнительный) packing, stuffing; ( подливочный) paddingнабо́рный материа́л — type matterматериа́л нава́лом — bulk materialматериа́л накла́дки — facing [lining] materialнасыпно́й материа́л — bulk materialнеакти́вный материа́л — inert materialневоспламеня́ющийся материа́л — non-flammable materialнегати́вный материа́л кфт. — negative materialнемагни́тный материа́л — non-magnetic materialнеметалли́ческий материа́л — non-metallic materialнеодноро́дный материа́л — heterogeneous materialнепо́ристый материа́л — non-porous materialнесжима́емый материа́л — incompressible materialнизкосо́ртный материа́л — low-grade materialобё́рточный материа́л — wrapping material, wrap (per)обжига́емый материа́л — calcinable materialоби́вочный материа́л — upholstery materialобкла́дочный материа́л полигр. — furnitureоблицо́вочный материа́л — ( внешний) facing material; ( внутренний) lining materialобогащё́нный материа́л — enriched materialобрабо́танный материа́л — finished stock, finished materialобти́рочный материа́л — cleaning [wiping] material, wiping ragsогнезащи́тный материа́л — fire-proof materialогнесто́йкий материа́л — fire-resistant materialогнеупо́рный материа́л — refractoryогнеупо́рный, торкрети́рованный материа́л — sprayed refractoryоднокомпоне́нтный материа́л — single materialодноро́дный материа́л — homogeneous materialоднофа́зовый материа́л — single-phase materialозоносто́йкий материа́л — ozone-resisting materialоптоакусти́ческий материа́л — optoacoustic materialоседа́ющий материа́л — settling materialматериа́л основа́ния печа́тной пла́ты — base materialотде́лочный материа́л — leather finishing agentпарамагни́тный материа́л — paramagnetic materialперви́чный материа́л — raw materialпеча́тный материа́л полигр. — printed matterпласти́чный материа́л — plastic materialподкисля́ющий материа́л — acidifierподкле́ечный материа́л — adhesive backerпо́довый материа́л — bottoms materialподо́швенный материа́л кож. — solingподсо́бный материа́л — incidental materialподшихто́вочный материа́л — feed-adjusting [charge-adjusting] materialпозити́вный материа́л кфт. — positive materialполиме́рный материа́л — polymeric materialполирова́льный материа́л — polish, polishing compoundполупроводнико́вый материа́л — semiconducting [semiconductor] materialпо́ристый материа́л — porous materialпорошкообра́зный материа́л — powder(ed) materialпоса́дочный материа́л — planting stockпосевно́й материа́л — seed grain, seedsприро́дный материа́л — natural materialприса́дочный материа́л — filler materialпробе́льный материа́л — spacing materialпробе́льный и обкла́дочный материа́л — furnitureпробе́льный, междустро́чный материа́л — leadsпробе́льный, поло́сный материа́л — leads and slogsпробе́льный, стро́чной материа́л — quads and spacesпроводнико́вый материа́л — conducting materialпроизво́дственные, вспомога́тельные материа́лы — indirect materialsпроизво́дственные, основны́е материа́лы — direct materialsпрока́тный материа́л — rolled stockпрокла́дочный материа́л — sealing [packing, leak-proofing] materialпротивоприга́рный материа́л литейн. — parting material, parting paintпро́фильный материа́л — section material, sections, shapes; ( полученный методом прессования) extrusionsпрутко́вый материа́л — bar material, bar stockпсевдопласти́чный материа́л — pseudo-plastic materialпьезорезисти́вный материа́л — piezoresistive materialрекла́мный материа́л — advertising matterсверхпроводя́щий материа́л — superconductorсветочувстви́тельный материа́л кфт. — light-sensitive materialсегнетоэлектри́ческий материа́л — ferroelectric materialсеменно́й материа́л — seed grain, seedsматериа́л с избира́тельным поглоще́нием — frequency-selective damping materialсиликатобето́нный материа́л — silicate concrete materialскле́иваемый материа́л — adherendсланцезо́льный материа́л — ash-shale [cinder-shale] materialслежа́вшийся материа́л — packed materialсма́зочный материа́л — lubricantсма́зочный, идеа́льный материа́л — ideal lubricantсма́зочный, промы́шленный материа́л — industrial lubricantсма́зочный материа́л с противозади́рной приса́дкой — anti-galling [anti-scoring] lubricantматериа́л с ма́лым коэффицие́нтом расшире́ния — low-expansion materialсме́шиваемый материа́л ( способный смешиваться с другим) — miscible materialматериа́л с непрямоуго́льной петлё́й (гистере́зиса) — non-square-loop materialсоставно́й материа́л — composite materialспечё́нный материа́л — sintered materialматериа́л с прямоуго́льной петлё́й (гистере́зиса) — square-loop [square BH-loop] materialматериа́л с со́бственной проводи́мостью — intrinsic materialстекловолокни́стый материа́л — glass-fibre materialстрои́тельный материа́л — building materialматериа́л с у́зкой запрещё́нной зо́ной — narrow-gap materialматериа́л с широ́кой запрещё́нной зо́ной — wide-gap materialсыпу́чий материа́л — loose [granular] materialсыро́й материа́л — raw materialта́рный материа́л — container materialтеплозащи́тный уноси́мый материа́л — ablative beat shield materialтеплоизоляцио́нный материа́л — beat-insulating materialтермомагни́тный материа́л — thermomagnetimaterialтермопласти́чный материа́л — thermoplastic materialтонколистово́й материа́л — sheet materialтонкоплё́ночный материа́л — thin-film materialтрасси́рующий материа́л ( в дефектоскопии) — flaw-detecting materialупако́вочный материа́л — packaging materialуплотня́ющий материа́л — sealing [packing, leak-proofing] material, sealantупру́гий материа́л — elastic materialупру́го-пласти́ческий материа́л — elasto-plastic materialустано́вочные материа́лы — wiring accessoriesфа́зовый материа́л — phase materialферромагни́тный материа́л — ferromagnetic materialфильтру́ющий материа́л — filter mediumфлоти́рующийся материа́л — flotable materialфлюсу́ющий материа́л — fluxing agentформо́вочный материа́л — moulding materialфотографи́ческий материа́л — photographic materialфотоупру́гий материа́л — photoelastic materialфотоэмиссио́нный материа́л — photoemissive materialфутеро́вочный материа́л — lining materialхру́пкий материа́л — brittle materialшиноремо́нтный материа́л — tyre repair materialши́хтовый твё́рдый материа́л — cold-charge [solid charge] materialшлакобразу́ющий материа́л — slag-forming materialшлифова́льный материа́л — grinding materialштукату́рный отде́лочный материа́л — fine stuffщёлочесто́йкий материа́л — alkali-resisting materialэкрани́рующий материа́л — shielding materialэлектроизоляцио́нный материа́л — electrical insulating materialэлектроопти́ческий материа́л — electrooptic materialэлектропроводя́щий материа́л — current-conducting materialэлектротехни́ческий материа́л — electrotechnical material -
15 Edison, Thomas Alva
SUBJECT AREA: Architecture and building, Automotive engineering, Electricity, Electronics and information technology, Metallurgy, Photography, film and optics, Public utilities, Recording, Telecommunications[br]b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USAd. 18 October 1931 Glenmont[br]American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.[br]He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMember of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.Further ReadingM.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.IMcN
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